Abstract Since the isolation of the first withanolides in the mid-1960s, over 600 new members of this group
of compounds have been described, with most from genera of the plant family Solanaceae. The basic structure of withaferin A, a C28 ergostane with a modified side chain forming a d-lactone between
carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are those containing g-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the d-lactones. The
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are those containing g-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the d-lactones. The
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
of compounds have been described, with most from genera of the plant family Solanaceae. The basic
structure of withaferin A, a C28 ergostane with a modified side chain forming a d-lactone between
carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are those containing g-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the d-lactones. The
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a
considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are
those containing g-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the d-lactones. The
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and
types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
Since the isolation of the first withanolides in the mid-1960s, over 600 new members of this groupof compounds have been described, with most from genera of the plant family Solanaceae. The basic
structure of withaferin A, a C28 ergostane with a modified side chain forming a d-lactone between
carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are those containing g-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the d-lactones. The
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania
carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a
considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are
those containing g-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the d-lactones. The
reduced versions (g and d-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons
(including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant
species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic
relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected.
